Intermediate track
IntermediateLesson 23

Factors: the ingredients of returns

Factors: the ingredients of returns

Beyond the market, a few traits — like value and momentum — have paid extra over time.

In short

Factors are shared traits that help explain returns. Besides the market itself, researchers found that cheaper stocks, smaller companies, and recent winners tended to earn a bit extra.

A landmark study showed that company size and cheapness explained returns far better than the market alone — turning one factor into several.[1]

A separate finding was momentum: stocks that did well over the past several months tended to keep doing well for a while.[2]

marketvaluesizemomentum
A few traits that have historically earned a premium over the market.

Like nutrition labels for a portfolio. Two meals can have the same calories but very different ingredients — factors tell you what’s really inside your returns.

Important caution: these premiums are averages over decades, they can vanish for years, and they’re not free money. They’re tilts, not guarantees.

Where these numbers come from

Finisdom’s universe spans many assets, so you can study how different tilts behave — as research, not a recommendation.

Check your understanding

Which is a well-known return factor besides the market?

Sources & further reading

  1. 1.Eugene Fama & Kenneth French (1993) Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds — Journal of Financial EconomicsThe three-factor model: market, size, and value.
  2. 2.Jegadeesh & Titman (1993) Returns to Buying Winners and Selling Losers — The Journal of FinanceThe classic evidence for momentum.

Related

Tripped up by a word? Look it up in the glossary.

Learning only — not investment advice.